In this lesson, students will use hot water and ice water on objects to demonstrate the effects of thermal expansion and thermal contraction. Students will observe that when they place the set-up in hot water, the heat of the water will cause the air inside the bottle to expand, causing the balloon to inflate. When the set-up is placed in cold water, the cool water will cause the air inside the bottle to contract, causing the balloon to deflate. Students will also learn how a thermometer works. The knowledge gained in this lesson is useful for students as they can apply them in their daily lives.
Key Scientific Terms: Thermal Expansion and Thermal Contraction.

In this lesson, students will set up a miniature filtration apparatus to separate a mixture of water-soluble and water-insoluble substances. Students will be able to make inference based on their observation during the activity and understand the meaning of the terms ‘solute’ and ‘solvent’. During the lesson, students will be engaged through an inquiry-based method of learning with opportunity to ask and answer questions. This will help develop students’ ability to observe, classify, infer, analyse and evaluate. These learning skills will be useful to nurture students to become self-directed learners.
Key Scientific Terms: Filtration, Dissolution (Dissolving), Mixture, Water-soluble Substance and Water-insoluble Substance.

Soft drinks that we all enjoy drinking tend to make us burp. When we burp, our noses feel uncomfortable. In this lesson, students will understand that such reaction is the result of carbon dioxide which becoming carbonic acid that stimulates the nose. Students formulate soft drinks by mixing citric acid solution, baking soda (sodium carbonate), sugar, orange flavouring agent and clean drinking water together in a transparent plastic bottle in this lesson. Through the making of their own soft drinks, students will understand the principle behind soft drinks which will strengthen their spirit of exploration and stimulate their ability in creative thinking as well as product design and manufacturing capabilities.
Key Scientific Terms: Acid-based reaction producing Carbon Dioxide gas, Citric Acid and Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate).

In this lesson, students will construct an elastic potential energy-powered glider by assembling the materials provided in the kit. Students will also learn the theory of a glider which does not have a powered unit on its own but takes off with the counter-force of air on its lifting surface. Students will be able to observe and infer that the self-made glider utilises the elastic potential energy from the rubber band to provide the energy for the glider to take off. When the glider starts to move, the elastic potential energy will be converted into kinetic energy. This will allow students to gain a deeper understanding on the knowledge behind how gliders work.
Key Scientific Terms: Elastic Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Energy Conversion and Aerodynamics.

In this lesson, students will assemble an electric circuit and connect it to power an electric lantern by utilising the concept of electric circuit and energy conversion. By making their own electric lantern, students will learn that a light bulb will only light up when there is a closed circuit allowing electrical energy to flow through the whole circuit. Students will be able to observe and infer that an electric circuit can be arranged in two manners, either in series or parallel. The knowledge gained in this lesson can easily be applied in students’ daily lives.
Key Scientific Terms: Batteries, Chemical Potential Energy, Light Energy and Tungsten Light Bulb.

A steelyard generally consists of a weigh beam, hook, lifting wire, metal weights and scales. In this lesson, students will construct a steelyard capable of measuring mass of objects utilising the effects of the turning effect of forces. The steelyard that students will make in this lesson employs the principle of lever. To encourage students to be observant and think critically, students will be asked to identify the objects around them that make use of the principle of lever such as scissors and see-saws. This interactive and inquiry-based learning method would encourage students to think critically and apply the knowledge that they learn in their daily lives.
Key Scientific Terms: Mass Measurement, Turning Effect of Forces, Principle of Moments, Clockwise Moment and Anti-clockwise Moment.

In this lesson, students will assemble paper tracks and roll them up to form a roller coaster track that allows a small metallic ball to roll under the effect of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. By making and experimenting with the roller coaster, students will be able to learn that the energy that an object at a height possesses is called gravitational potential energy and an object will have greater gravitational potential energy if its mass is larger or its position is higher. Students will also observe that the metallic ball will gain its kinetic energy once it is set in motion. They will then be able to infer that an object with a larger mass and travelling at a faster speed will have more kinetic energy. This lesson will inspire students’ desire for knowledge, creative thinking and the initial design capacity.
Key Scientific Terms: Gravitational Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy.

In this lesson, students will assemble an electric circuit and connect it to power a motor with a rotator to enable a card printed on one side with a picture of a bird and the other side with a picture of a cage to spin continuously producing a virtual illusion of a bird in a cage. Through this activity, students will observe that when two or more images appear at a certain speed, it is not possible to distinguish them and they will combine to form another image. Students will understand a phenomenon called visual persistence where light on the retina produced by visual effects in the optical nerve remains for a certain period of time even after the optical image stops or disappears. Through the understanding of optical illusions, students will be able to relate this knowledge to the shooting or screening of films that make use of optical illusion for the basis of the formation of animation, film and other visual media.
Key Scientific Terms: Electric Circuit, Motor, Rotator, Chemical Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Electrical Energy and Virtual Illusion.